Thymic involution refers to progressive shrinkage and functional decline of the thymus that begins early in adulthood. The thymus is responsible for producing naïve T lymphocytes essential for adaptive immune diversity. With thymic involution, output of naïve T cells decreases, limiting immune responsiveness to new antigens. This decline contributes to reduced vaccine efficacy and increased infection risk with age. Thymic involution also promotes accumulation of memory and senescent T cells, reducing immune flexibility. Loss of thymic function is a central driver of immune aging and contributes to chronic inflammation and immune imbalance. Understanding thymic involution supports strategies aimed at restoring immune diversity and resilience.
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