T cell exhaustion aging describes progressive loss of functional capacity in T lymphocytes with advancing age. Aging reduces thymic output of naïve T cells and promotes accumulation of chronically stimulated, dysfunctional T cells. Exhausted T cells show reduced proliferation, impaired cytokine production, and diminished cytotoxic activity. Persistent antigen exposure, inflammation, and metabolic stress accelerate exhaustion. T cell exhaustion aging compromises immune surveillance and defense against infections and malignancies. It also contributes to reduced vaccine responsiveness. Understanding T cell exhaustion aging highlights cellular energy balance and signaling integrity as key determinants of immune resilience during aging.
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