Oxidative stress and aging results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses. ROS are natural byproducts of cellular metabolism, particularly from mitochondria, but excessive ROS cause damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Over time, accumulated oxidative damage impairs cellular function and contributes to aging and age-related diseases. Oxidative stress accelerates telomere shortening, promotes cellular senescence, and disrupts mitochondrial function. Although antioxidant systems exist, their efficiency declines with age. Oxidative stress is influenced by environmental factors, diet, inflammation, and metabolic health. Managing oxidative stress is a central strategy in aging research aimed at preserving cellular integrity and delaying functional decline.
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