Muscle aging refers to structural, cellular, and metabolic changes in skeletal muscle that occur with advancing age. Aging muscle exhibits reduced fiber size, altered fiber composition, impaired mitochondrial function, and decreased regenerative capacity. Neuromuscular junction degeneration contributes to reduced coordination and strength. Muscle aging is influenced by inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic imbalance, and reduced satellite cell activity. These changes lead to decreased endurance, slower movement, and prolonged recovery following injury. Muscle aging affects physical performance, balance, and metabolic health. It plays a central role in functional decline and frailty during aging. Understanding muscle aging mechanisms supports strategies to maintain strength, mobility, and independence throughout the lifespan.
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