Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central hallmark of aging, characterized by reduced energy production, increased oxidative stress, and impaired metabolic regulation. Aging mitochondria show decreased efficiency in ATP generation and increased leakage of reactive oxygen species. These changes impair cellular energy balance and promote molecular damage. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to muscle weakness, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Accumulated mitochondrial DNA damage and impaired quality-control mechanisms exacerbate functional decline. Because mitochondria regulate apoptosis, metabolism, and stress responses, their dysfunction has widespread effects on aging tissues. Restoring mitochondrial function is a key target for interventions aimed at extending healthspan.
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