Menopause Biology

Menopause biology describes the biological processes underlying the permanent cessation of ovarian function and reproductive capability. This transition is characterized by depletion of ovarian follicles and a sharp decline in estrogen and progesterone production. Hormonal changes during menopause influence multiple systems, including bone, cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and nervous systems. Menopause biology is associated with increased bone resorption, altered lipid metabolism, vascular dysfunction, and changes in brain function. Inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress often increase during this transition. Menopause represents a critical biological milestone that accelerates certain aging phenotypes rather than simply marking reproductive aging. Understanding menopause biology is essential for addressing midlife health risks and developing strategies to preserve function, resilience, and quality of life in aging females.