Immunosenescence refers to the gradual decline in immune system function associated with aging. It affects both innate and adaptive immunity, leading to reduced pathogen clearance, impaired vaccine responses, and increased susceptibility to infections. Immunosenescence is characterized by decreased production of naïve immune cells, accumulation of dysfunctional memory cells, and chronic low-grade inflammation. This state contributes to increased risk of cancer, autoimmune conditions, and infectious diseases in older adults. Immunosenescence also reduces the body’s ability to clear senescent cells, accelerating their accumulation. Understanding immunosenescence is critical for improving immune resilience, designing age-specific vaccines, and enhancing healthy aging through immune-targeted interventions.ns.
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