Epidermal aging describes age-related changes in the outermost skin layer that affect barrier function, renewal, and immune defense. Aging slows keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, leading to reduced epidermal thickness and delayed turnover. This results in impaired barrier integrity, increased water loss, and heightened sensitivity to environmental stressors. Epidermal aging also affects resident immune cells, reducing local immune surveillance and increasing infection susceptibility. Accumulated DNA damage, oxidative stress, and altered signaling contribute to functional decline. Reduced epidermal renewal delays wound healing and compromises protective capacity. Epidermal aging reflects declining regenerative potential and cellular maintenance. Understanding epidermal aging is essential for preserving skin integrity and protective function during aging.
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