DNA damage aging involves the lifelong accumulation of DNA lesions caused by endogenous metabolic processes and external environmental factors. Common forms of damage include base modifications, single- and double-strand breaks, and crosslinks. Although cells possess sophisticated DNA damage response systems, aging increases the burden of damage beyond repair capacity. Persistent DNA damage activates stress signaling pathways that impair cell function and promote senescence. Accumulated DNA damage contributes to tissue degeneration, functional decline, and increased disease susceptibility. DNA damage is tightly linked to other hallmarks of aging, including genomic instability and stem cell dysfunction. Understanding how DNA damage accumulates with age is central to aging and longevity research.
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