B cell aging refers to age-associated changes in development, diversity, and function of B lymphocytes responsible for antibody production. With aging, bone marrow output of naïve B cells declines, reducing repertoire diversity. Aging B cells show impaired class switching, reduced antibody affinity, and altered signaling responses. These changes weaken humoral immunity and reduce effectiveness of responses to new pathogens. B cell aging also promotes accumulation of dysfunctional memory B cells that contribute to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Altered cytokine environments and metabolic stress further impair B cell function. B cell aging plays a major role in reduced vaccine efficacy and increased infection risk in older adults. Understanding B cell aging provides insight into immune system remodeling and highlights the need for age-adapted immunization strategies.
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